Iron-modified biochar and water management regime-induced changes in plant growth, enzyme activities, and phytoavailability of arsenic, cadmium and lead in a paddy soil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect raw (RawBC) and iron (Fe)-modified biochar (FeBC) derived from Platanus orientalis Linn branches on plant growth, enzyme activity, bioavailability uptake As, Cd, Pb by rice in a paddy soil with continuously flooded (CF) or alternately wet dry (AWD) irrigation pot experiment. Application RawBC (3%, w/w) significantly increased pH, while FeBC decreased it. more effective reducing As bioavailability, particularly under AWD water regime, conducive Cd CF regime. concentration, but concentrations straw brown rice, as compared untreated soil. Soil catalase urease activities were enhanced RawBC, treatment. grain yield 60% 32% treatments, respectively. can be recommended for immobilization soils, potential human health risk FeBC-treated soils should considered due translocation metals rice.